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Fig. 4 | EvoDevo

Fig. 4

From: Early embryonic development in the tick Ixodes scapularis suggests syncytial organization and cellularization before blastoderm formation

Fig. 4

DAPI stained images and stills from time-lapse imaging of stages 12 to 15. A, A′ Stage 12: germband retraction continues and the post-abdomen moves further away from the dorsal side. The 4th leg pair retracts while the other limbs continue to develop. The post-abdomen bears four additional segments (O5 to O8) (A). The ventral furrow is still open. The pedipalps are bifurcated to form endites. Cells move from the opisthosoma (white arrows) to begin dorsal closure (A’). B Stage 13: the post-abdomen moves to the ventral, unfolds and the proctodeum becomes the anus. Waste substances (red arrowhead) begin moving to the rectal sac via the malpighian tubules. C Stage 14: the embryo has retracted to the anterior region. The ventral furrow is closed. The pre-cheliceral lobe has retracted to form the basis capitula. All appendages are formed and have moved to their final positions. D, D′ Stage 15: cuticle synthesis and deposition begin. The embryo darkens from cuticle deposition. The dorsal cells meet up and form a ring structure (arrowhead) where final dorsal closure occurs. A—anterior; P—posterior; L1-L4—Budding legs; O–opisthosomal segments; PCL—pre-cheliceral lobe, pp—budding pedipalps; lb—labium; Hd—head region; VF—ventral furrow/sulcus; RS – rectal sac; AP—anal pore; BC—basis capitula; H—hypostome; ch—chelicerae. Scale bars are 100 µm

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